A citation is a reference to a source used in your work. Every academic paper requires two parts:
Used In: Psychology, Education, Social Sciences, Business
(Author, Year) — Example: (Smith, 2020)
Direct Quote: (Smith, 2020, p. 23)
Achebe, C. (1958). Things fall apart. Heinemann.
Used In: Literature, Humanities, Arts
(Author Page) — Example: (Smith 45)
Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. Heinemann, 1958.
Used In: History, Humanities
¹ Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart (London: Heinemann, 1958), 23.
Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. London: Heinemann, 1958.
Used In: UK & Commonwealth Universities
(Smith 2020, p. 23)
Achebe, C. (1958) Things fall apart, Heinemann, London.
Used In: Engineering, Computer Science
Smith [1] demonstrated that...
[1] N. J. Okonkwo, "Climate adaptation in Nigerian agriculture," Afr. J. Environ. Sci., vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 234-250, June 2020.
Quickly compare major citation styles to choose the correct one for your assignment.
| Style | Used In | In-Text Format | Reference Format |
|---|---|---|---|
| APA (7th) | Social Sciences, Business | (Author, Year) | Author, A. (Year). Title. Publisher. |
| MLA (9th) | Humanities, Literature | (Author Page) | Author. Title. Publisher, Year. |
| Chicago | History | Footnotes / Author-Date | Author. Title. Place: Publisher, Year. |
| Harvard | UK Universities | (Author Year, p. X) | Author, Initial. (Year) Title. Publisher. |
| IEEE | Engineering, Tech | [1] | [1] Author, “Title,” Journal, Year. |
Proper citation protects your academic integrity and strengthens your work. Use our tools to generate, check, and perfect your references.
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